History of Outaouais.

Table of Contents

figures [1]

Maps [3]

Acronyms [5]

Foreword [7]

Introduction [13]

PART ONE

The Amerindians and Their Presence over the Millenia:
From the Beginnings to 1791 [19]

Introduction  [21]

Chapter 1. The Changing Natural Environment (Jean-Marc Soucy) [23]

Topography [25]

Climate [29]

Hydrographic Network [30]

Soils [34]

Forest [35]

Fauna [38]

Chapter 2. The First Inhabitants of the Outaouais: 6,000 Years of History (Gerald Pelletier) [43]

When the Outaouais Became Habitable [45]

Occupation of the Outaouais [47]

Chapter 3. Kichesippi: the Great River of the Algonquins (1600-1650) (André Cellard) [67]

The Algonquins of the Outaouais [69]

[viii]

Algonquin Culture and Society [74]

The Europeans, Trade and War [78]

Chapter 4. The Ottawa River: 1650-1792 (André Cellard and Gérald Pelletier) [85]

A Shattered Nation: Flight and Seasonal Return [87]

Reorganization of Trade [90]

PART TWO

A Territory Transformed 1791-1886  [105]

Chapter 5. Land, Family and the Origins of Colonization: 1791-1826 (Chad Gaffield) [119]

First Nations and the New England Immigrants [123]

British and French Canadian Settlement [126]

Obstacles to Settlement [127]

The Expanding British Market [129]

Labouring Men, Women, and Children  [132]

Economic Uncertainty and Insecurity [134]

The Agrarian Ideal [138]

Social and Ethnic Relations [143]

Social Organization [148]

Chapter 6. The Golden Age of the Forest Economy (Chad Gaffield) [153]

Decline of the Fur Trade [155]

Role of the State  [157]

The Myth of the Barons [160]

The Expanding Forest Economy [165]

Spread of Settlement [174]

Wage Labour in the Forest Economy [177]

Agricultural Development [179]

Labouring Women and Children [184]

Growth of Villages and Rural Industries [185]

Credit and Debt [191]

Anglophones and Francophones [196]

Chapter 7. Society, Culture and Institutional Development: 1826-1886 (Chad Gaffield) [201]

The Culture of Masculinity Among Labouring Men [204]

Rethinking the Shiners’ War [209]

[ix]

Process of State Formation [214]

Building of Religious Institutions [220]

Origins of Mass Schooling [226]

PART THREE

People and Places [243]

Population and Territory [247]

Transportation and Communications [251]

Chapter 8. Industry and the World of Work (Odette Vincent-Domey) [257]

The Forest Industry and Economic Activity [260]

The World of Work and its Organization [282]

Labour Struggles and Unionization [291]

Chapter 9. The Rural Economy (Normand Fortier) [301]

Agriculture: From Settlement to Commercial Farming [303]

Rural Communities [326]

Chapter 10. Toward an Institutional Presence (Odette Vincent-Domey) [339]

From West to East: A Diversified Ethnic Landscape [342]

Coexisting Religions  [344]

Education [361]

Health and Social Welfare [378]

Chapter 11. The Many Voices of the Outaouais: Aspects of Social and Cultural Life (Odette Vincent-Domey and Andre Cellard) [387]

The Urban Landscape, Social Disparities and Power [390]

Recreation and Pleasure Time [399]

Prohibition, Illegal Activity and Political Morality: The Vagaries of a Frontier Region [410]

The Culture of the Written Word and its Diffusion [420]

PART FOUR

In Search of an Identity: 1940 to the Present [437]

Chapter 12. Government: The Developing Presence (Caroline Andrew) [449]

The Federal Impact — Initiator of Change [451]

Political Restructuring: Quebec’s Political Will [463]

Regional Voices in Setting up the Institutional Framework [476]

Chapter 13. From Manufacturing to Services (Andre Beaucage) [481]

Changes in the Major Sectors of Economic Activity [485]

[x]

Deindustrialization of the Outaouais?  [493]

Accelerated Shift to a Tertiary Economy [506]

Prospects for the Year 2000  [521]

Chapter 14. Trade Union Pluralism in a Frontier Economy (Andre Beaucage and Jacques-André Lequin) [525]

The Distinctive Context of the Outaouais [527]

Dominance of International Unions [536]

Emergence of Public-sector Unions [545]

Stagnation in the 1980s [556]

The Outaouais — A Region Unreceptive to Unions? [562]

Chapter 15. Redefining and Broadening the Categories of Social Actors: Social Movements in the Outaouais (Caroline Andrew) [565]

Hull: The Peoples Voice [569]

The Womens Movement in the Outaouais [584]

Movements for Local Control in the Rural Sector [592]

The Algonquins of Barrière Lake [595]

Chapter 16. Fundamental Changes in the Catholic Church in the Outaouais (Gerald Pelletier) [599]

A Triumphalist Church: 1940-1960  [601]

Storm and Calm: From 1960 to the Present [607]

Chapter 17. The Institutional Landscape (Gérald Pelletier and Jean Harvey) [623]

Education and Regional Identity [625]

Health and Social Services [649]

Chapter 18. Social and Cultural Life (Andre Cellard and Jean Harvey) [669]

Recreation and Sports [671]

Human Nature Will Always Find a Way: The Vagaries of a Frontier Region  [679]

Being Different: Outaouais Culture [691]

Is There an Outaouais Culture? [710]

Chapter 19. Regional Political Identity (Caroline Andrew) [715]

Outaouais Political Representation in the National Assembly [717]

Political Representation at the Federal Level  [722]

Recent Federal Activity in the Outaouais [724]

Recent Quebec Restructuring: The Outaouais Urban Community and the Vote on Municipal Merger [731]

Regional Issues and the Development of a Regional Voice [736]

Conclusion [741]

Notes [749]

Appendix [823]

Acknowledgments [843]